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What is a scientific theory? Cognitive bias D^N@@  @B#  But science rarely proceeds in this idealized way& For example: ,A?  A:Sometimes we start by  just looking then coming up with possible explanations. Sometimes we follow our intuition rather than a particular line of evidence. Hallmarks of Science: #1"$$  Modern science seeks explanations for observed phenomena that rely solely on natural causes. (A scientific model cannot include divine intervention or other supernatural explanations) *bZ. #Hallmarks of Science: #2"$$  Start with the simplest possible model: make predictions, tests and refinements. (Simplicity =  Occam s razor ) *b0O Hallmarks of Science: #3"$$  A scientific model must make testable predictions about natural phenomena that would force us to revise or abandon the model if the predictions do not agree with observations.  No other explanation does NOT prove anything!4Z/ 2What is a scientific theory?((0  Theory has a different meaning in science than in everyday life. In science, a Theory is NOT just a good idea! A Scientific Theory must: Explain a wide variety of observations with a few simple principles, AND Must be supported by a large, compelling body of evidence. Must NOT have failed any crucial test of its validity. qZ" Z ZZq  ZI Which of the following is true of Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?UU6*A small but vocal minority of scientists believe that the theory of evolution is true Scientific opinion is about evenly split as to whether evolution really explains the diversity of life on Earth. Scientific opinion runs about 90% in favor of the theory of evolution and about 10% opposed. While widely accepted by most scientists, there would still be  reasonable doubt about whether evolution is true -- Judicial proof is much harder to achieve than scientific proof. None of the above: evolution is the only plausible explanation for the diversity of life on earth. 8C" Zc6VH(c/Science is about probabilities, not certaintiesThe hypothesis: Smoking causes lung cancer Reality: Smoking dramatically increases one s chances of developing lung cancer&{+OAnecdotes vs. StudiesAnecdotal evidence:  My grandmother smoked a pack a day for 60 years, she lived to be 75. Scientific study: Monitor the health of 1000 smokers and non-smokers for 20 years. Compare rates of lung cancer, longevity, etc. &[Power of suggestionkHave you heard claims that vaccines can sometimes cause autism in children? Which of the following is true:ll &Studies show that there is a slight risk of developing autism due to vaccines but the benefit outweighs the risk Studies have shown that there is no cause-and-effect relationship between vaccines and autism Studies into the proposed links between autism and vaccines have not yet been conducted>'" qVX  What have we learned? How can we distinguish science from non-science? Science seeks explanations that rely solely on natural causes progresses through development and testing of models of nature models must make testable predictions A scientific theory A model that explains a wide variety of observations in terms of a few general principles Has survived repeated and varied testing Subject to modification as new data and observations are acquired1ZZZZ0  10& ZA/ !"#$%&'(* + , - ./0123456789  ` 4:Whr<̈́>?" dd@,~?uZ4:d@ vd w@s` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>>   @8 ( eD P  C A"  0`z "P x B Click to edit Master title style!   s *z " x RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!      0z "`` x0___PPT106___PPT9B___PPTMac11   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  B*  0z "`  x0___PPT106___PPT9B___PPTMac11   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  D*  0z "`  x0___PPT106___PPT9B___PPTMac11   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  D*H  0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́80___PPT10. p  Cranes   a Y P ( sserSbA:oCic002n P  C A"  0lz "p x B Click to edit Master title style!  s * pz " `   x E#Click to edit Master subtitle style$  0 uz "`` x0___PPT106___PPT9B___PPTMac11   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  B*  0zz "`  x0___PPT106___PPT9B___PPTMac11   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  D*  0 z "`  x0___PPT106___PPT9B___PPTMac11   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  D*H  0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́80___PPT10. pml @( rohc @ @ s *r P   x >*  @ s * 1!    x @* d @ c $ ?  x @ s *01!  @ x RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     @ 0p1! `P  x >*  @ 02! `  x @* H @ 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.nv C 0   C (    6@J % GThe Nature of Science$  6`b@ puh___PPT10H@___PPT9___PPTMac11   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography$    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography$    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography$    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography$    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography$    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography$  ,Truth Proof Belief Evidence Debate Consensusj-$$$  $$$ $$R  s *A? H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.mv;\+00 PPS(  P P 0H2!p HLDH___PPT10( f___PPT9H@~___PPTMac11XP   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  eThe idealized scientific method Based on proposing and testing hypotheses hypothesis = educated guess^  2F 2a+a a a  f @`X P c 0A 03-22)' H P 0޽h ? ̙33z 0  `(    6%  H I believe&   $  6H`6,$, ?Based on what? $  6y#  ,$, : Evidence.  `H  0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́___PPT10.mv+sD?' "0= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =%(D' =%(D8' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* %(D' =-g6B fade*<3<* +p+0+i@ ++0+i@ +0 TLp(    64p4 FThe scientific method:$H  0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́80___PPT10.mv0 7/ (     6 - "  )Baloney detection kitH  0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́80___PPT10.mv0 ME( }   s *]!` p$,<4___PPT9 !How reliable is the source of the claim? Does the source make similar claims? Have the claims been verified by somebody else? Does this fit with the way the world works? Has anyone tried to disprove the claim? Where does the preponderance of evidence point? Is the claimant playing by the rules of science? Is the claimant providing positive evidence? Does the new theory account for as many phenomena as the old theory? Are personal beliefs driving the claim? " 2 @`  6k"P D0Baloney detection kit: should I get a flu shot? H  0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́xp___PPT10P.mv+ōAD' "0= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*)%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*)N%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*N~%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*~%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*3%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*3`%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*`%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(+8+0+ +0 (  w  s *pp(00___PPT106___PPT9B___PPTMac11   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  MScience is NOT a democracy!BH  0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́80___PPT10.uv% 0 wo$(  $ $ s *p r2-3 other scientists, not involved in the study, read your paper and determine whether it has any obvious errors.  $ 6W" > Peer Review: $/l p $p,$D, $ 0X""e  a/After publication in the scientific literature:00$ $ 0@"p@ 80P___PPT100(v___PPT9XPR___PPTMac11,$   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  The rest of the scientific community now has the opportunity to try to reproduce your results. Open debate in the scientific community All scientists get a chance to review it!<_'   @`H $ 0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́QI___PPT10).mv++E zD' "0= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D3' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*$%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*$+ 0 (x(  ( ( s *K@p |If the idea survives open debate in the scientific literature& ??$0 ( s *09#$ p$,<4___PPT9 ^Scientific consensus` @`H ( 0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́~v___PPT10V.mv++D' "0= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D8' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*( %(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*( D' =%(D' =%(D8' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*( %(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*( +8+0+(G +b0 ,b( } ,b , s *O6(X  Consensus does not mean that 100% of scientists will agree with the idea, only that the vast majority do. mm$ , s *ؓ(P @___PPT10 V___PPT980J___PPTMac11$   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  ^Example:  400 scientists disagree that human activities are the major cause of global warming Reality: Only about 10 have expertise in the &`.H , 0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́80___PPT10.mv+00 00(  0hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    H 0 0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́80___PPT10.mv+00 40( D{5 4H 4 0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́80___PPT10.mv+00 80(  8H 8 0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́80___PPT10.mv+ 0 <\( ----dniw <x < c $`C`p@  x  < c $Й1!PP <$< p H < 0޽h ? ̙33b  00 0H(  HX H 002!3xpP___PPT100(v___PPT9XP___PPTMac11ld   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  x Defining science can be surprisingly difficult. Science from the Latin scientia, meaning  knowledge. `h 2aaa a a&IB H s *޽h ? ̙33 00 pX0(  Xx X c $e2!P  x x X c $h2!0 x H X 0޽h ? ̙33 00 `0(  `x ` c $~2!P  x x ` c $02! x H ` 0޽h ? ̙33 00 h0(  hx h c $2!P  x x h c $p2! x H h 0޽h ? ̙33 00 p0(  px p c $2!P  x x p c $P2! x H p 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10e+D=' n= @B + 00 x0(  xx x c $P2!P  x x x c $2! x H x 0޽h ? ̙33 0 ( ʯ x  c $2!`  x   c $`3!` x "p`Pp>  xA $PRS32PRS Question Icon((&VERSION4.10HQUESTIONNAME Thought Question,QUESTIONTYPE 02QUESTIONCHOICES 2.QUESTIONANSWERC8$QUESTIONDIFFICULTY 00QUESTIONPOINTS 12QUESTIONCHANCES 34QUESTIONTIMER 00:30:&QUESTIONCHOICESTYPE 14"QUESTIONCHARTTYPE0H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10e+D=' n= @B +  0 P$(  r  S J3!P  x r  S N3!`0 x H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10u.RAtG@+D=' n= @B +  0 p$( @@ r  S Pd3!P  x r  S g3! x H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10u.RAt{{+D=' n= @B +  0 ( @@ r  S }3!P  x H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10u.RAt+D=' n= @B +d   0 jb( @@ r  S 3!P  x   S 03!p x "p`Pp*  xA $PRS32PRS Question Icon((z&VERSION4.104QUESTIONNAME autism,QUESTIONTYPE 02QUESTIONCHOICES 1.QUESTIONANSWER28$QUESTIONDIFFICULTY 00QUESTIONPOINTS 12QUESTIONCHANCES 34QUESTIONTIMER 00:30:&QUESTIONCHOICESTYPE 04"QUESTIONCHARTTYPE0  s *0@ ,$D,H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10z.HAtH+!A`DB' "0= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(+ 0 0( @@ x  c $ 3!`  x x  c $p3!P x H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10e+D=' n= @B +\    Dl(  D^ DS  *   x D# l&2!_ʯ_ʯ"` 5  x H D 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.Z#sva\   @Ll(  L^ LS  *   x L# l>2!_ʯ_ʯ"` 5  x H L 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.Z#sva   B:`T(  T^ TS  *   x4 T# l\2!_ʯ_ʯ"` 5  x rLYou may wish to go through the flashlight example that appears in the text.  MH T 0޽h ? ̙33  \R(  \^ \S  *   x \# lpu2!_ʯ_ʯ"` 5  x E.g., Copernicus and his early backers did NOT have a model that worked better than the Earth-centered model, but their intuition kept them working at it until Kepler finally found a way to make it work.  H \ 0޽h ? ̙33  B:d(  d^ dS  *   x4 d# l2!_ʯ_ʯ"` 5  x rLExample: Kepler sought a natural explanation for observations made by Tycho. MH d 0޽h ? ̙33  lB(  l^ lS  *   x l# l@2!_ʯ_ʯ"` 5  x Example: By early 1600s, we several competing models of planetary motion, including those of Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Kepler. Kepler s gained acceptance because it worked the best. Also: in principle, we could make a geocentric model arbitrarily accurate with enough circles, but its lack of simplicity would still lead us to prefer Kepler s model&  _H l 0޽h ? ̙33  t6(  t^ tS  *   x t# l02!_ʯ_ʯ"` 5  x Example: each of the competing models offered predictions that were tested. Kepler s model can still be tested. In fact, slight discrepancies found at later dates led to new discoveries, such as Einstein s theories&  H t 0޽h ? ̙33\  |l(  |^ |S  *   x |# l02!_ʯ_ʯ"` 5  x H | 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.Z#sva  jb (  ^ S  *   x\ # l!3!_ʯ_ʯ"` 5  x tOptional thought question to check student understanding&  ;H  0޽h ? ̙33\  `l(  ^ S  *   x # l`\3!_ʯ_ʯ"` 5  x H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.\AtV\  l( ޽h ^ S  *   x # lt3!_ʯ_ʯ"` 5  x H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.\AtV\  l(  ^ S  *   x # l3!_ʯ_ʯ"` 5  x H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.VAth\  l(  ^ S  *   x # lP3!_ʯ_ʯ"` 5  x H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.PAt\  l(  ^ S  *   x # l3!_ʯ_ʯ"` 5  x H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.Z#sva  bZ(  R  3 @   x`  # T#@ @  x H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.qv+  bZ( T#T# R  3 @   x`  # T#@ @  x H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.qv+  bZ( T# T#T# R  3 @   x`  # `T#@ @  x H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.qv+  bZ ( {5PP R  3 @   x`  # T#@ @  x H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.qv+  bZ0( ;T#@T#  R  3 @   x`  # T#@ @  x H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.qv+  bZ@( T#T# R  3 @   x`  # U#@ @  x H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.qv+  bZP( {5PP R  3 @   x`  # 0U#@ @  x H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.qv+  bZ`( %  R  3 @   x`  # p"U#@ @  x H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.qv+  bZp( K:UPP R  3 @   x`  # /U#@ @  x H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.qv+   bZ( U#-U#  R  3 @   x`  # =U#@ @  x H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.qv+   bZ(  03U#3U# R  3 @   x`  # JU#@ @  x H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.qv+cxp^RЀ3ÿ lHbP  @AL G@;b `B&V!)<#>̝); ΕC{K)cL! r!? !pv)<#?̞)< Δ澳íe@s']H kz;鐿{ io'8!z;'8  Ёӿ<PJ).)o0D X*`,"o#X*ߝ"n)Կ=PJ).)o0D!X*a,#o#X*#o)¼̱²ȵ9LK'm,'h-AS([)!i!S'ҕ!i'}  ʯŴ붞 w    ʿվ    z   r     j ssuxhzzxDo9wԷƷŹԹ]Z ssuxhzzxDo9wԷƷŹԹ]Z ssuxhzzxDo9wԷƷŹԹ]ZbUUU LnTTPjT}/r}q-%3S}j&VGHTCHuqrC6Gk@?R9p?] &9& LnTTPjT}/r}q-%3S}j&VGHTCHuqrC6Gk@?R9p?] &9& LnTTPjT}/r}q-%3S}j&VGHTCHuqrC6Gk@?R9p?] &9&pWw"pՌmѝ-~ۛ?_ū=gD>m՘4<[aTfLn!pS=Hz 4o"pWw"pՌmѝ-~ۛ?_ū=gD>m՘4<[aTfLn!pS=Hz 4o"pWw"pՌmѝ-~ۛ?_ū=gD>m՘4<[aTfLn!pS=Hz 4o"KGprDn.!5glGoHlpmqݽKunԙrnKGprDn.!5glGoHlpmqݽKunԙrnKGprDn.!5glGoHlpmqݽKunԙrn7n n n ցwHlmsqHzjAoHyh Țnģ^/H>D^:SmwHlmsqHzjAoHyh Țnģ^/H>D^:SmwHlmsqHzjAoHyh Țnģ^H>D^:SmʁKK#"HNt =KKGKӗ&SFhH# nqIEnzu&vKo:?˥ !KK#"HNt =KKGKӗ&SFhH# nqIEnzu&vKo:?˥ !KK#"HNt =KKGKӗ&SFhH# nqI.nzu&vKo:?˥ !<0{U<0{U<0{UCB7ߘw?%Co+ܹ1wswTzTlw)M1jY{O9?uܢ$ӋUx̛;>+ܹ1wswTzTlw)M1jY{O9?uܢ$ӋUx̛;>+ܹ1wswTzTl;Q1TGg^5}H!5q09Uo w !~T[0R9C;Q1TGg^5}H!5q09Uo w !~T[0R9C;Q1TGg^5}H!5q09Uo w !~T[0R9CF xxAF xxAF xxAh jVl>{ +hL!h{Cp> jVl>{ +hL!h{Cp> jVl>{ +hL!h{C* iqu:wuFP suYC iqu:wuFP suYC iqu:wuFP suYC3 @©Z1 ;T^CPC @©Z1 ;T^CPC @©Z1 ;T^CPCZ_7H2 Q k|x0h z{>TL1.Oy+3|w[+V9 />7H2 Q k|x0h z{>TL1.Oy+3|w[+V9 />7H2 Q k|x0h z{>TL1.oX>p9l#kh2! ]`Dp0 U\#8!X>p9l#kh2! ]`Dp0 U\#8!X>p9l#kh2! ]`Dp0 U\#8!f ?u|kTho!Hw9o w< U!7FC:! ?u|kTho!Hw9o w< U!7FC:! ?u|kTho!Hw9o w< U!7FC:!o۠Xn?M k+  o Ni$k+ʼw۠Xn?M k+  o Ni$k+ʼw۠Xn?M k+  o Ni$k+ʼw?TFz`qRLxkA?{Xv2 rq, `TFz`qRLxkA?{Xv2 rq, `TFz`qRLxkA?{Xv2 rq, `9K}mvkn_  8t!K}mvkn_  8t!K}mvkn_  8t!Wd΄NFjk49{} ?>******G ki0A vCih9C o rk"rd>G ki0A vCih9C o rk"rd>G Ɂ#k k   ՍH7uh.S: < h ! f C: ٯ #k k   ՍH7uh.S: < h ! f C: ٯ #k k   ՍH7uh.S: < h ! f C: ٯ 'ŏaE_brpzΏ댍ªxçʨқ?(uZKҪXxnU|C9|n{XVӖ[1UoŏaE_brpzΏ댍ªxçʨқ?(uZKҪXxnU|C9|n{XVӖ[1UoŏaE_brpzΏ댍ªxçʨқ?(uZKҪXxnU|9|n{XVӖ[1Uo?@?CCnpnr@ ?@?CCnpnr@ ?@?CCnpnr@         I  r    }        `   ̸     ¹{  ͼս  Ҷ    Ͼ   엃߂ǂt#؊x x׶wx} jƽ˲ϱ υssttsήstxg  }c :c  bQZqZ 5ZYJS mV3W VGP CM76ihU %oaH/C`d}ӵ=E2Ӎ0_^L !cWA+=VZ ķ zί:B0ˈ.[[J _T>)˽;TW ~z!I.OW49l {ίmЃzA)FN.3aqi}~v?(DK-2^|   zOY && zʭπ}%lvFOϊ "qx"[{yirDLȅ  mt  !j OaJFLa $zɫ̈]EU̧@=CU$_DŽZ Ɓ$CRƢ>;AS9@! Naq &C yɩʵ7ɃDUb oʬ!: m6 #BR` lŧ!8¿ jſþļ½ »  e1 p||r|༉ eehro\ze ouddf}pn[xd otޒa]j fN5^ ߮f*uMJUnQ>*tKQ"e uMITmQ>*sJQ"e ܑ>]ݞ+8 /ݞ+8 ݐ#CzuN/ޝ%J~\i֖6= }ݩ:yݜ*8r1I|",kw%|",qgq!4`[=w%{:cIRv*0 b-^$, q0H|!+kv%{!+pgq!4_[=v%z9cHRv*0 b-^h*}ܐ226Y$$&m}*(j 0mB2olj'hmlj'*Dn!bjmT`l {kQ%T3sn& nki'hlki&*Do+cilS`k |kR$S4R['ُ`'' '( ?gڎ" э|O+m؋ڼ&' lH fj /Nk$dj^< Rhe lH fj /Nl+dj^< Ria  ؎¿_  >f.؍LS؋!||r7؇Պ$z4 hFw`bfw`.Kh&8 =f[[S(cebY&x`(jFyachya.L9h8 >g\\T)df\Z'ta~$׍׆$rֆ$s>f֌"`מ׊׉ !{L%É׌ב `Ն$se_`R_c`R,Id#Dqvcb X6beg E`R(h`aS`ebT-Jf&Fsxdd Y8dfi FbTB ɕ    ρވ ss}|ʂk|oIIOnOpySDn}uMMStSvWHt)ͅUI ,&UV~~~R4-O U~e |4 5~~}|~~~X80T [l 8 9F l̒(4GL3 )(=U`/~̩̤(iɊ28 th̒(4/P'2=Ň0̈/h{||{|{|P{{A {X^{ *.tqm%v4 :w{0Ls{f^|b?zT"E{>Q{X^{0 ph %wQ{R|?R|{||{|{UF^!d .1}z!u'}7?0Q{ldjDZ $KCW^!d4 yp 'WXCXwZʃ ˉ.Dp~| &%^!Sa~.H d0s}ˀyyxyxxyxyxVwxxNyxQvLKx (h N`Bm JIjMkXxxwxxy8xxwwx1_ VLa:tMYPxMKy*kN<fDkJxKuMXQyxyxyyxxyx$TW~RQ +p ThGu QPrSs_/<5f ]Sj>~S_WSQ.tT@nIsPR~S_W݂% ʂ | $% }@U>! s I(d/lʬCSɂ`l$% xz0|z`ltJttGdo Gs%1d#BQt*  :t/>qtc[i\t&0J tK t7>doEtFcdGtFt7>t}%~~R}Llz O(4n'HY.  ?~~/Dylcse})4P R <DnzK~MmnNM<D~~~~&Ȃ+E zJP=qi2|6i47iȃfl y}y k]fl pqppqqppqqppqqppqqppqqpqrq!ppqqHe^'nU_Do *lG-#o@Pp:oE]q:];cp;iKHpI h9c<lT^DoFpDPK\'" qVX  What have we learned? How can we distinguish science from non-science? Science seeks explanations that rely solely on natural causes progresses through development and testing of models of nature models must make testable predictions A scientific theory A model that explains a wide variety of observations in terms of a few general principles Has survived repeated and varied testing Subject to modification as new data and observations are acquired1ZZZZ0  10& ZA/ !"#$%&'(* + , - ./0123456789 0 vn,( } ,b , s *O6(X  Consensus does not mean that 100% of scientists will agree with the idea, only that the vast majority do. mm$d , s *ؓ(P4$,8___PPT10F___PPT9( F___PPTMac11    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  Example:  human activities are the major cause of global warming  400 scientists disagree that Reality: Only about 10 have expertise in climate science and closely-related fields. The other 3000 climate scientists agree`~H , 0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́0(___PPT10.mv++[W_D' "0= @B DS' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*,B%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*,B%(+8+0+, +r%0 q"0~: A( / 0DArialCEBoldC{w@{w1`D-3 00000BoldC{w@{w1` DWingdingsoldC{w@{w1`0DTimes New Romanw@{w1`@DTimesNew Romanw@{w1`PDFrutiger-BoldCnw@{w1`DTimes CEBoldCnw@{w1` ` .  @n?" dd@  @@`` "=9      !"%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=_R$%KH,!0R$0#s:6oU;0R$c $OHsĄwL0b$ 8A={[RPr ܢ0B$!k"ĸ}iloN0S @8ʚ;2Nʚ;g4mdmdHxppp@ <4!d!dpx%gʚ;<4ddddpx%gʚ; <4ddddpx%ʚ;h R`___PPT10@8    ___PPT9x @@XH00Ph___PPT2001D<4X{___PPTMac11@f   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography   4   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography @@ X   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography T   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography  0   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography  X   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography  ? %_ ;<   :      3.4 The Nature of Science$ ]How can we distinguish science from non-science? What is a scientific theory? Cognitive bias D^N@@  @B#  But science rarely proceeds in this idealized way& For example: ,A?  A:Sometimes we start by  just looking then coming up with possible explanations. Sometimes we follow our intuition rather than a particular line of evidence. Hallmarks of Science: #1"$$  Modern science seeks explanations for observed phenomena that rely solely on natural causes. (A scientific model cannot include divine intervention or other supernatural explanations) *bZ. #Hallmarks of Science: #2"$$  Start with the simplest possible model: make predictions, tests and refinements. (Simplicity =  Occam s razor ) *b0O Hallmarks of Science: #3"$$  A scientific model must make testable predictions about natural phenomena that would force us to revise or abandon the model if the predictions do not agree with observations.  No other explanation does NOT prove anything!4Z/ 2What is a scientific theory?((0  Theory has a different meaning in science than in everyday life. In science, a Theory is NOT just a good idea! A Scientific Theory must: Explain a wide variety of observations with a few simple principles, AND Must be supported by a large, compelling body of evidence. Must NOT have failed any crucial test of its validity. qZ" Z ZZq  ZI Which of the following is true of Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?UU6*A small but vocal minority of scientists believe that the theory of evolution is true Scientific opinion is about evenly split as to whether evolution really explains the diversity of life on Earth. Scientific opinion runs about 90% in favor of the theory of evolution and about 10% opposed. While widely accepted by most scientists, there would still be  reasonable doubt about whether evolution is true -- Judicial proof is much harder to achieve than scientific proof. None of the above: evolution is the only plausible explanation for the diversity of life on earth. 8C" Zc6VH(c/Science is about probabilities, not certaintiesThe hypothesis: Smoking causes lung cancer Reality: Smoking dramatically increases one s chances of developing lung cancer&{+OAnecdotes vs. StudiesAnecdotal evidence:  My grandmother smoked a pack a day for 60 years, she lived to be 75. Scientific study: Monitor the health of 1000 smokers and non-smokers for 20 years. Compare rates of lung cancer, longevity, etc. &[Power of suggestionkHave you heard claims that vaccines can sometimes cause autism in children? Which of the following is true:ll &Studies show that there is a slight risk of developing autism due to vaccines but the benefit outweighs the risk Studies have shown that there is no cause-and-effect relationship between vaccines and autism Studies into the proposed links between autism and vaccines have not yet been conducted>'" qVX  What have we learned? How can we distinguish science from non-science? Science seeks explanations that rely solely on natural causes progresses through development and testing of models of nature models must make testable predictions A scientific theory A model that explains a wide variety of observations in terms of a few general principles Has survived repeated and varied testing Subject to modification as new data and observations are acquired1ZZZZ0  10& ZA/ !"#$%&'(* + , - ./0123456789= 0 u m  ( $bgxg"Mag   6 f*p K7Human activities are the major cause of global warming.  s *gK*@@ bZP___PPT100(___PPT9bZr___PPTMac11LD   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  *I agree I think that humans have a small role in global warming I disagree that human activities that any role in global warming I am not well-informed enough to have an opinion either way<8A;  @`  rA $PRS32PRS Question Icon((|t&VERSION4.10*QUESTIONNAME ,QUESTIONTYPE 02QUESTIONCHOICES 22QUESTIONANSWERAny8$QUESTIONDIFFICULTY 00QUESTIONPOINTS 12QUESTIONCHANCES 34QUESTIONTIMER 00:30:&QUESTIONCHOICESTYPE 04"QUESTIONCHARTTYPE0H  0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́80___PPT10.vv 0    ( ntal5w(`) x  0;?+ ` Which of the following is true of Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?UU6*  s *7?+ `@___PPT10 n___PPT9PHJ___PPTMac11$   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  ,A small but vocal minority of scientists believe that the theory of evolution is true Scientific opinion is about evenly split as to whether evolution really explains the diversity of life on Earth. Scientific opinion runs about 90% in favor of the theory of evolution and about 10% opposed. While widely accepted by most scientists, there would still be  reasonable doubt about whether evolution is true -- Judicial proof is much harder to achieve than scientific proof. None of the above: evolution is the only plausible explanation for the diversity of life on earth. 8C" Zc6VH(cp`Pp>  xA $PRS32PRS Question Icon((&VERSION4.10HQUESTIONNAME Thought Question,QUESTIONTYPE 02QUESTIONCHOICES 2.QUESTIONANSWERC8$QUESTIONDIFFICULTY 00QUESTIONPOINTS 12QUESTIONCHANCES 34QUESTIONTIMER 00:30:&QUESTIONCHOICESTYPE 14"QUESTIONCHARTTYPE0H  0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́80___PPT10.vvg^0 (  w  s *pp(00___PPT106___PPT9B___PPTMac11   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  MScience is NOT a democracy!BH  0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́80___PPT10.uv%0 ,<( } ,b , s *O6( h  Consensus does not mean that 100% of scientists will agree with the idea, only that the vast majority do. mm$ , s *ؓ( $,8___PPT10F___PPT9( F___PPTMac11    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  (Example:  human activities are the major cause of global warming 400 scientists disagree. HOWEVER& Only about 10 of them have expertise in climate science and closely-related fields. The other 3000 climate scientists agree with the statement. ^H , 0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́  ___PPT10 .mv++[W_D* ' "0= @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*, %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*, D%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*,Eh%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*,h%(+8+0+, + " bZ(  R  3 @   x`  # (*@ @  x H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.vv r$~ :@D"~=!P?@A_R$%KH,!0R$0#s:6oU;0R$c $OHsĄwL0b$ 8A={[RPr ܢ0B$!k"ĸ}iloN0S @8ʚ;2Nʚ;g4mdmdHxppp@ <4!d!dpx%gʚ;<4ddddpx%gʚ; <4ddddpx%ʚ;R`___PPT10@8   ___PPT9x@XH00P@h___PPT2001D<4X{___PPTMac11@f   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  X   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography T   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography  0   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography  X   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography  4   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography @@ ? % ;<   :   But science rarely proceeds in this idealized way& For example: ,A?  A:Sew Roman&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography T   ometimes we start by  just looking then coming up with possible explanations. Sometimes we follow our intuition rather than a particular line of evidence. Hallmarks of Science: #1"$$  Modern science seeks explanations for observed phenomena that rely solely on natural causes. (A scientific model cannot include divine intervention or other supernatural explanations) *bZ. #Hallmarks of Science: #2"$$  Start with the simplest possible model: make predictions, tests and refinements. (Simplicity =  Occam s razor ) *b0O Hallmarks of Science: #3"$$  A scientific model must make testable predictions about natural phenomena that would force us to revise or abandon the model if the predictions do not agree with observations.  No other explanation does NOT prove anything!4Z/ 2What is a scientific theory?((0  Theory has a different meaning in science than in everyday life. In science, a Theory is NOT just a good idea! A Scientific Theory must: Explain a wide variety of observations with a few simple principles, AND Must be supported by a large, compelling body of evidence. Must NOT have failed any crucial test of its validity. qZ" Z ZZq  ZI Which of the following is true of Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?UU6*A small but vocal minority of scientists believe that the theory of evolution is true Scientific opinion is about evenly split as to whether evolution really explains the diversity of life on Earth. Scientific opinion runs about 90% in favor of the theory of evolution and about 10% opposed. While widely accepted by most scientists, there would still be  reasonable doubt about whether evolution is true -- Judicial proof is much harder to achieve than scientific proof. None of the above: evolution is the only plausible explanation for the diversity of life on earth. 8C" Zc6VH(c/Science is about probabilities, not certaintiesThe hypothesis: Smoking causes lung cancer Reality: Smoking dramatically increases one s chances of developing lung cancer&{+OAnecdotes vs. StudiesAnecdotal evidence:  My grandmother smoked a pack a day for 60 years, she lived to be 75. Scientific study: Monitor the health of 1000 smokers and non-smokers for 20 years. Compare rates of lung cancer, longevity, etc. &[Power of suggestionkHave you heard claims that vaccines can sometimes cause autism in children? Which of the following is true:ll &Studies show that there is a slight risk of developing autism due to vaccines but the benefit outweighs the risk Studies have shown that there is no cause-and-effect relationship between vaccines and autism Studies into the proposed links between autism and vaccines have not yet been conducted>'" qVX  What have we learned? How can we distinguish science from non-science? Science seeks explanations that rely solely on natural causes progresses through development and testing of models of nature models must make testable predictions A scientific theory A model that explains a wide variety of observations in terms of a few general principles Has survived repeated and varied testing Subject to modification as new data and observations are acquired1ZZZZ0  10& ZA>The Nature of Science$]How can we distinguish science from non-science? What is a scientific theory? 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')=}pG%7J;{~oVooJ,(3R:y}o =].™ OKƳp̃?@ABCDoR$%KH,!0R$0#s:6oU;0R$c $OHsĄwL0b$ 8A={[RPr ܢ0B$!k"ĸ}iloN0B$o 3ڤ5X70S @8ʚ;2Nʚ;g4mdmdHxppp@ <4!d!dpx%gʚ;<4ddddpx%gʚ; <4ddddpx%ʚ;:`___PPT10@8   ___PPT9h`@@H00P@h___PPT2001D<4X{___PPTMac11@f   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  X   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography T   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography  0   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography  X   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography  4   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography @@ ? %;<   :   B C!DHallmarks of Science: #1"$$  Modern science seeks explanations for observed phenomena that rely solely on natural causes. (A scientific model cannot include divine intervention or other supernatural explanations) *bZ. #Hallmarks of Science: #2"$$  Start with the simplest possible model: make predictions, tests and refinements. (Simplicity =  Occam s razor ) *b0O Hallmarks of Science: #3"$$  A scientific model must make testable predictions about natural phenomena that would force us to revise or abandon the model if the predictions do not agree with observations.  No other explanation does NOT prove anything!4Z/ 2What is a scientific theory?((0  Theory has a different meaning in science than in everyday life. In science, a Theory is NOT just a good idea! A Scientific Theory: Explains a wide variety of observations with a few simple principles, AND Must be supported by a large, compelling body of evidence. Must NOT have failed any crucial test of its validity. jZ ZZs  lI Which of the following is true of Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?UU6*A small but vocal minority of scientists believe that the theory of evolution is true Scientific opinion is about evenly split as to whether evolution really explains the diversity of life on Earth. Scientific opinion runs about 90% in favor of the theory of evolution and about 10% opposed. While widely accepted by most scientists, there would still be  reasonable doubt about whether evolution is true -- Judicial proof is much harder to achieve than scientific proof. None of the above: evolution is the only plausible explanation for the diversity of life on earth. 8C" Zc6VH(c/Science is about probabilities, not certaintiesThe hypothesis: Smoking causes lung cancer Reality: Smoking dramatically increases one s chances of developing lung cancer&{+OAnecdotes vs. StudiesAnecdotal evidence:  My grandmother smoked a pack a day for 60 years, she lived to be 75. Scientific study: Monitor the health of 1000 smokers and non-smokers for 20 years. Compare rates of lung cancer, longevity, etc. &[Power of suggestionkHave you heard claims that vaccines can sometimes cause autism in children? Which of the following is true:ll &Studies show that there is a slight risk of developing autism due to vaccines but the benefit outweighs the risk Studies have shown that there is no cause-and-effect relationship between vaccines and autism Studies into the proposed links between autism and vaccines have not yet been conducted>'" qVX  What have we learned? How can we distinguish science from non-science? Science seeks explanations that rely solely on natural causes progresses through development and testing of models of nature models must make testable predictions A scientific theory A model that explains a wide variety of observations in terms of a few general principles Has survived repeated and varied testing Subject to modification as new data and observations are acquired1ZZZZ0  10& ZA>The Nature of Science$]How can we distinguish science from non-science? What is a scientific theory? Cognitive bias D^N@@  @B# ?/h"$%&'(* + , - ./0123456=@A 0    ( ntal5w(`) x  0;?+ ` Which of the following is true of Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?UU6*  s *7?+ `@___PPT10 n___PPT9PHJ___PPTMac11$   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  ,A small but vocal minority of scientists believe that the theory of evolution is true Scientific opinion is about evenly split as to whether evolution really explains the diversity of life on Earth. Scientific opinion runs about 90% in favor of the theory of evolution and about 10% opposed. While widely accepted by most scientists, there would still be  reasonable doubt about whether evolution is true -- Judicial proof is much harder to achieve than scientific proof. None of the above: evolution is the only plausible explanation for the diversity of life on earth. 8C" Zc6VH(cp`PpB  xA $PRS32PRS Question Icon((&VERSION4.10HQUESTIONNAME Thought Question,QUESTIONTYPE 02QUESTIONCHOICES 32QUESTIONANSWERAny8$QUESTIONDIFFICULTY 00QUESTIONPOINTS 12QUESTIONCHANCES 34QUESTIONTIMER 00:30:&QUESTIONCHOICESTYPE 14"QUESTIONCHARTTYPE0H  0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́80___PPT10.vvg^0 0( ----dniw L  c $A``H  0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́80___PPT10.wvO~ 0 6 . @ (      s *[1,0PH@P___PPT100(v___PPT9XPb___PPTMac11<4   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    * National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration * Environmental Protection Agency * NASA's Goddard Institute of Space Studies * American Geophysical Union * American Institute of Physics * National Center for Atmospheric Research * American Meteorological Society * The Royal Society of the UK * Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society * American Association for the Advancement of Science # Academia Brasiliera de Ciencias (Brazil) # Royal Society of Canada # Chinese Academy of Sciences # Academie des Sciences (France) # Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina (Germany) # Indian National Science Academy # Accademia dei Lincei (Italy) # Science Council of Japan # Russian Academy of Sciences # Royal Society (United Kingdom) # National Academy of Sciences (USA) * Australian Academy of Sciences * Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Sciences and the Arts * Caribbean Academy of Sciences * Indonesian Academy of Sciences * Royal Irish Academy * Academy of Sciences Malaysia * Academy Council of the Royal Society of New Zealand * Royal Swedish Academy of SciencesD~  HH   0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́80___PPT10.wv 0 u m  (    6+p K7Human activities are the major cause of global warming.  s *`+@@ bZP___PPT100(___PPT9bZr___PPTMac11LD   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  *I agree I think that humans have a small role in global warming I disagree that human activities that any role in global warming I am not well-informed enough to have an opinion either way<8A;  @`  rA $PRS32PRS Question Icon((|t&VERSION4.10*QUESTIONNAME ,QUESTIONTYPE 02QUESTIONCHOICES 22QUESTIONANSWERAny8$QUESTIONDIFFICULTY 00QUESTIONPOINTS 12QUESTIONCHANCES 34QUESTIONTIMER 00:30:&QUESTIONCHOICESTYPE 04"QUESTIONCHARTTYPE0H  0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́80___PPT10.vv 00 x0(  xx x c $P2!P  x x x c $2! x H x 0޽h ? ̙33r(O<B0-!"ODi2?( / 0DArialCEBoldC{w@{w1`D-3 00000BoldC{w@{w1` DWingdingsoldC{w@{w1`0DTimes New Romanw@{w1`@DTimesNew Romanw@{w1`PDFrutiger-BoldCnw@{w1`DTimes CEBoldCnw@{w1` ` .  @n?" dd@  @@`` ~( D4     !"%&'()*+,-./0123456:;<=>?@ABCDoR$%KH,!0R$0#s:6oU;0R$c $OHsĄwL0b$ 8A={[RPr ܢ0B$!k"ĸ}iloN0B$o 3ڤ5X70S @8ʚ;2Nʚ;g4mdmdHxppp@ <4!d!dpx%gʚ;<4ddddpx%gʚ; <4ddddpx%ʚ;:`___PPT10@8   ___PPT9h`@@H00P@h___PPT2001D<4X{___PPTMac11@f   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  X   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography T   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography  0   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography  X   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography  4   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography @@ ? %;<   :   B C!D|namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography Hallmarks of Science: #1"$$  Modern science seeks explanations for observed phenomena that rely solely on natural causes. (A scientific model cannot include divine intervention or other supernatural explanations) *bZ. #Hallmarks of Science: #2"$$  Start with the simplest possible model: make predictions, tests and refinements. (Simplicity =  Occam s razor ) *b0O Hallmarks of Science: #3"$$  A scientific model must make testable predictions about natural phenomena that would force us to revise or abandon the model if the predictions do not agree with observations.  No other explanation does NOT prove anything!4Z/ 2What is a scientific theory?((0  Theory has a different meaning in science than in everyday life. In science, a Theory is NOT just a good idea! A Scientific Theory: Explains a wide variety of observations with a few simple principles, AND Must be supported by a large, compelling body of evidence. Must NOT have failed any crucial test of its validity. jZ ZZs  lI Which of the following is true of Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?UU6*A small but vocal minority of scientists believe that the theory of evolution is true Scientific opinion is about evenly split as to whether evolution really explains the diversity of life on Earth. Scientific opinion runs about 90% in favor of the theory of evolution and about 10% opposed. While widely accepted by most scientists, there would still be  reasonable doubt about whether evolution is true -- Judicial proof is much harder to achieve than scientific proof. None of the above: evolution is the only plausible explanation for the diversity of life on earth. 8C" Zc6VH(c/Science is about probabilities, not certaintiesThe hypothesis: Smoking causes lung cancer Reality: Smoking dramatically increases one s chances of developing lung cancer&{+OAnecdotes vs. StudiesAnecdotal evidence:  My grandmother smoked a pack a day for 60 years, she lived to be 75. Scientific study: Monitor the health of 1000 smokers and non-smokers for 20 years. Compare rates of lung cancer, longevity, etc. &[Power of suggestionkHave you heard claims that vaccines can sometimes cause autism in children? Which of the following is true:ll &Studies show that there is a slight risk of developing autism due to vaccines but the benefit outweighs the risk Studies have shown that there is no cause-and-effect relationship between vaccines and autism Studies into the proposed links between autism and vaccines have not yet been conducted>'" qVX  What have we learned? How can we distinguish science from non-science? Science seeks explanations that rely solely on natural causes progresses through development and testing of models of nature models must make testable predictions A scientific theory A model that explains a wide variety of observations in terms of a few general principles Has survived repeated and varied testing Subject to modification as new data and observations are acquired1ZZZZ0  10& ZA>The Nature of Science$]How can we distinguish science from non-science? What is a scientific theory? 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(A scientific model cannot include divine intervention or other supernatural explanations) *bZ. #Hallmarks of Science: #2"$$  Start with the simplest possible model: make predictions, tests and refinements. (Simplicity =  Occam s razor ) *b0O Hallmarks of Science: #3"$$  A scientific model must make testable predictions about natural phenomena that would force us to revise or abandon the model if the predictions do not agree with observations.  No other explanation does NOT prove anything!4Z/ 2What is a scientific theory?((0  Theory has a different meaning in science than in everyday life. In science, a Theory is NOT just a good idea! A Scientific Theory: Explains a wide variety of observations with a few simple principles, AND Must be supported by a large, compelling body of evidence. Must NOT have failed any crucial test of its validity. jZ ZZs  lI Which of the following is true of Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?UU6*A small but vocal minority of scientists believe that the theory of evolution is true Scientific opinion is about evenly split as to whether evolution really explains the diversity of life on Earth. Scientific opinion runs about 90% in favor of the theory of evolution and about 10% opposed. While widely accepted by most scientists, there would still be  reasonable doubt about whether evolution is true -- Judicial proof is much harder to achieve than scientific proof. None of the above: evolution is the only plausible explanation for the diversity of life on earth. 8C" Zc6VH(c/Science is about probabilities, not certaintiesThe hypothesis: Smoking causes lung cancer Reality: Smoking dramatically increases one s chances of developing lung cancer&{+OAnecdotes vs. StudiesAnecdotal evidence:  My grandmother smoked a pack a day for 60 years, she lived to be 75. Scientific study: Monitor the health of 1000 smokers and non-smokers for 20 years. Compare rates of lung cancer, longevity, etc. &[Power of suggestionkHave you heard claims that vaccines can sometimes cause autism in children? Which of the following is true:ll &Studies show that there is a slight risk of developing autism due to vaccines but the benefit outweighs the risk Studies have shown that there is no cause-and-effect relationship between vaccines and autism Studies into the proposed links between autism and vaccines have not yet been conducted>'" qVX  What have we learned? How can we distinguish science from non-science? Science seeks explanations that rely solely on natural causes progresses through development and testing of models of nature models must make testable predictions A scientific theory A model that explains a wide variety of observations in terms of a few general principles Has survived repeated and varied testing Subject to modification as new data and observations are acquired1ZZZZ0  10& ZA>The Nature of Science$]How can we distinguish science from non-science? What is a scientific theory? Cognitive bias D^N@@  @B# ?/h"$%&'(* + , - ./0123456=@Ar!"4DC?( / 0DArialCEBoldC{w@{w1D-3 00000BoldC{w@{w1 DWingdingsoldC{w@{w10DTimes New Romanw@{w1@DTimesNew Romanwer-BoldCnhڄ@8lhKl^V`DTimes CEBoldCnhڄ@8lhKl^V ` .  @n?" dd@  @@`` P(I5    7 !"#$%&'()*+,-.8693 45oR$%KH,!R$0#s:6oU;R$     : !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|~c $OHsĄwLb$ 8A={[RPr ܢB$!k"ĸ}iloNB$o 3ڤ5X7S @8 ʚ;2Nʚ;g4pdpd@Ch߄@ppp@ <4!d!d0iׄgʚ;      !"#$%&'()*+,-.023456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~/      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~]  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~<4dddd0iׄgʚ; <4dddd0iׄʚ;^(___PPT10  .___PPT9@@H00Ph___PPT2001D<4Xl___PPTMac11Z@f   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     0   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography  X   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography  4   |namdtTimes New Roman&Monotype Typography @@ ? %;<   :   B C!DHallmarks of Science: #1"$$  Modern science seeks explanations for observed phenomena that rely solely on natural causes. (A scientific model cannot include divine intervention or other supernatural explanations) *bZ. #Hallmarks of Science: #2"$$  Start with the simplest possible model: make predictions, tests and refinements. (Simplicity =  Occam s razor ) *b0O Hallmarks of Science: #3"$$  A scientific model must make testable predictions about natural phenomena that would force us to revise or abandon the model if the predictions do not agree with observations.  No other explanation does NOT prove anything!4Z/ 2What is a scientific theory?((0  Theory has a different meaning in science than in everyday life. In science, a Theory is NOT just a good idea! A Scientific Theory: Explains a wide variety of observations with a few simple principles, AND Must be supported by a large, compelling body of evidence. Must NOT have failed any crucial test of its validity. jZ ZZs  lI Which of the following is true of Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?UU6*A small but vocal minority of scientists believe that the theory of evolution is true Scientific opinion is about evenly split as to whether evolution really explains the diversity of life on Earth. Scientific opinion runs about 90% in favor of the theory of evolution and about 10% opposed. While widely accepted by most scientists, there would still be  reasonable doubt about whether evolution is true -- Judicial proof is much harder to achieve than scientific proof. None of the above: evolution is the only plausible explanation for the diversity of life on earth. 8C" Zc6VH(c/Science is about probabilities, not certaintiesThe hypothesis: Smoking causes lung cancer Reality: Smoking dramatically increases one s chances of developing lung cancer&{+OAnecdotes vs. StudiesAnecdotal evidence:  My grandmother smoked a pack a day for 60 years, she lived to be 75. Scientific study: Monitor the health of 1000 smokers and non-smokers for 20 years. Compare rates of lung cancer, longevity, etc. &[Power of suggestionkHave you heard claims that vaccines can sometimes cause autism in children? Which of the following is true:ll &Studies show that there is a slight risk of developing autism due to vaccines but the benefit outweighs the risk Studies have shown that there is no cause-and-effect relationship between vaccines and autism Studies into the proposed links between autism and vaccines have not yet been conducted>'" qVX  What have we learned? How can we distinguish science from non-science? Science seeks explanations that rely solely on natural causes progresses through development and testing of models of nature models must make testable predictions A scientific theory A model that explains a wide variety of observations in terms of a few general principles Has survived repeated and varied testing Subject to modification as new data and observations are acquired1ZZZZ0  10& ZA>The Nature of Science$]How can we distinguish science from non-science? What is a scientific theory? Cognitive bias D^N@@  @B# ?/"$%&'(* + , - ./0123456=@AEFGH I!j p` u m P ( $bgxg"Mag   6Pp K7Human activities are the major cause of global warming.  s *@@ bZP___PPT100(___PPT9bZr___PPTMac11LD   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  *I agree I think that humans have a small role in global warming I disagree that human activities that any role in global warming I am not well-informed enough to have an opinion either way<8A;  @`  rA $PRS32PRS Question Icon((|t&VERSION4.10*QUESTIONNAME ,QUESTIONTYPE 02QUESTIONCHOICES 22QUESTIONANSWERAny8$QUESTIONDIFFICULTY 00QUESTIONPOINTS 12QUESTIONCHANCES 34QUESTIONTIMER 00:30:&QUESTIONCHOICESTYPE 04"QUESTIONCHARTTYPE0H  0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́___PPT10u.vv+D=' H= @B +p`   ` ( ntal5w(`) x  0$ ` Which of the following is true of Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?UU6*  s *P0 ` @___PPT10 h___PPT9JBJ___PPTMac11$   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  ,A small but vocal minority of scientists believe that the theory of evolution is true Scientific opinion is about evenly split as to whether evolution really explains the diversity of life on Earth. Scientific opinion runs about 90% in favor of the theory of evolution and about 10% opposed. While widely accepted by most scientists, there would still be  reasonable doubt about whether evolution is true -- Judicial proof is much harder to achieve than scientific proof. None of the above: evolution is the only plausible explanation for the diversity of life on earth. 8C" Zc6VH(cp`PpB  xA $PRS32PRS Question Icon((&VERSION4.10HQUESTIONNAME Thought Question,QUESTIONTYPE 02QUESTIONCHOICES 32QUESTIONANSWERAny8$QUESTIONDIFFICULTY 00QUESTIONPOINTS 12QUESTIONCHANCES 34QUESTIONTIMER 00:30:&QUESTIONCHOICESTYPE 14"QUESTIONCHARTTYPE0H  0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́___PPT10u.vvg^+D=' H= @B +p` ( ----dniw L  c $A``H  0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́80___PPT10.wvO~  p` 6 . 0 (      s *io0PH@P___PPT100(v___PPT9XPb___PPTMac11<4   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    * National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration * Environmental Protection Agency * NASA's Goddard Institute of Space Studies * American Geophysical Union * American Institute of Physics * National Center for Atmospheric Research * American Meteorological Society * The Royal Society of the UK * Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society * American Association for the Advancement of Science # Academia Brasiliera de Ciencias (Brazil) # Royal Society of Canada # Chinese Academy of Sciences # Academie des Sciences (France) # Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina (Germany) # Indian National Science Academy # Accademia dei Lincei (Italy) # Science Council of Japan # Russian Academy of Sciences # Royal Society (United Kingdom) # National Academy of Sciences (USA) * Australian Academy of Sciences * Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Sciences and the Arts * Caribbean Academy of Sciences * Indonesian Academy of Sciences * Royal Irish Academy * Academy of Sciences Malaysia * Academy Council of the Royal Society of New Zealand * Royal Swedish Academy of SciencesD~  HH   0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́80___PPT10.wv !p` u m  (    6p K7Human activities are the major cause of global warming.  s *@@ bZP___PPT100(___PPT9bZr___PPTMac11LD   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  *I agree I think that humans have a small role in global warming I disagree that human activities that any role in global warming I am not well-informed enough to have an opinion either way<8A;  @`  rA $PRS32PRS Question Icon((|t&VERSION4.10*QUESTIONNAME ,QUESTIONTYPE 02QUESTIONCHOICES 22QUESTIONANSWERAny8$QUESTIONDIFFICULTY 00QUESTIONPOINTS 12QUESTIONCHANCES 34QUESTIONTIMER 00:30:&QUESTIONCHOICESTYPE 04"QUESTIONCHARTTYPE0H  0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́80___PPT10.vv " bZ@(  R  3 @   8`  # @ @  8 H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.|ve " bZP(    R  3 @   8`  # @ @  8 H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.|ve  " bZ(  R  3 @   8`  # a@ @  8 H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.|ve! " bZ(  R  3 @   8`  # pn@ @  8 H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.|ve " bZ (   R   3 @   8`   # {@ @  8 H   0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.|ver8H4; 6tBCܩƫ"$4I;( / 0DArialCEBoldClhڄ@8lhKl^VD-3 00000BoldClhڄ@8lhKl^V DWingdingsoldClhڄ@8lhKl^V0DTimes New Romanhڄ@8lhKl^V@DTimesNew Romanhڄ@8lhKl^VPDFrutigDArialCEBoldClhڄ@8lhTlVD-3 00000BoldClhڄ@8lhTlV DWingdingsoldClhڄ@8lhTlV0DTimes New Romanhڄ@8lhTlV@DTimesNew Romanhڄ@8lhTlVPDFrutiger-BoldCnhڄ@8lhTlV`DTimes CEBoldCnhڄ@8lhTlV ` .  @n?" dd@  @@`` P(I5    # ./012345$"%&()* '!+,-oR$%KH,!PR$0#s:6oU;PR$c $OHsĄwLPb$ 8A={[RPr ܢPB$!k"ĸ}iloNPB$o 3ڤ5X7PS @8 ʚ;2Nʚ;g4odod@Ch߄ppp@ <4!d!d@iׄgʚ;<4dddd@iׄgʚ; <4dddd@iׄʚ;^(___PPT10  .___PPT9@@H00Ph___PPT2001D<4Xhnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  X   |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography T   |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography  0   |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography  X   |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography  ? %;<   :   B C!DHallmarks of Science: #1"$$  Modern science seeks explanations for observed phenomena that rely solely on natural causes. (A scientific model cannot include divine intervention or other supernatural explanations) *bZ. #Hallmarks of Science: #2"$$  Start with the simplest possible model: make predictions, tests and refinements. (Simplicityl___PPTMac11Z@f   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` =  Occam s razor ) *b0O Hallmarks of Science: #3"$$  A scientific model must make testable predictions about natural phenomena that would force us to revise or abandon the model if the predictions do not agree with observations.  No other explanation does NOT prove anything!4Z/ 2What is a scientific theory?((0  Theory has a different meaning in science than in everyday life. In science, a Theory is NOT just a good idea! A Scientific Theory: Explains a wide variety of observations with a few simple principles, AND Must be supported by a large, compelling body of evidence. Must NOT have failed any crucial test of its validity. jZ ZZs  lI Which of the following is true of Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?UU6*A small but vocal minority of scientists believe that the theory of evolution is true Scientific opinion is about evenly split as to whether evolution really explains the diversity of life on Earth. Scientific opinion runs about 90% in favor of the theory of evolution and about 10% opposed. While widely accepted by most scientists, there would still be  reasonable doubt about whether evolution is true -- Judicial proof is much harder to achieve than scientific proof. None of the above: evolution is the only plausible explanation for the diversity of life on earth. 8C" Zc6VH(c/Science is about probabilities, not certaintiesThe hypothesis: Smoking causes lung cancer Reality: Smoking dramatically increases one s chances of developing lung cancer&{+OAnecdotes vs. StudiesAnecdotal evidence:  My grandmother smoked a pack a day for 60 years, she lived to be 75. Scientific study: Monitor the health of 1000 smokers and non-smokers for 20 years. Compare rates of lung cancer, longevity, etc. &[Power of suggestionkHave you heard claims that vaccines can sometimes cause autism in children? Which of the following is true:ll &Studies show that there is a slight risk of developing autism due to vaccines but the benefit outweighs the risk Studies have shown that there is no cause-and-effect relationship between vaccines and autism Studies into the proposed links between autism and vaccines have not yet been conducted>'" qVX   Conclusion Science vs. non-science Science seeks explanations that rely solely on natural causes progresses through development and testing of models of nature models must make testable predictions A scientific theory A model that explains a wide variety of observations in terms of a few general principles Has survived repeated and varied testing Subject to modification as new data and observations are acquired~ZZZZ  0& ZA/"$%&'(* + , - ./0123456=EFGH I!  2*( }   s *PC` p$,<4___PPT9 !How reliable is the source of the claim? Does the source make similar claims? Have the claims been verified by somebody else? Does this fit with the way the world works? Has anyone tried to disprove the claim? Where does the preponderance of evidence point? Is the claimant playing by the rules of science? Is the claimant providing positive evidence? Does the new theory account for as many phenomena as the old theory? Are personal beliefs driving the claim? " 2 @`  6зCPPp )Baloney detection kitH  0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́xp___PPT10P.mv+ōAD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*)%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*)N%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*N~%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*~%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*3%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*3`%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*`%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(+8+0+ +  ( ----dniw L  c $A`H  0޽h ? 4:Whr<̈́80___PPT10.wvO~   0( @@ x  c $V`   x  c $WP  H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10e+D='  = @B +r  B"3 Il;( / 0DArialCEBoldClhڄ@8lhKl^VD-3 00000BoldClhڄ@8lhKl^V DWingdingsoldClhڄ@8lhKl^V0DTimes New Romanhڄ@8lhKl^V@DTimesNew Romanhڄ@8lhKl^VPDFrutiger-BoldCnhڄ@8lhKl^V`DTimes CEBoldCnhڄ@8lhKl^V ` .  @n?" dd@  @@`` P(I5    7 !"#$%&'()*+,-.8693 45oR$%KH,!R$0#s:6oU;R$c $OHsĄwLb$ 8A={[RPr ܢB$!k"ĸ}iloNB$o 3ڤ5X7S @8 ʚ;2Nʚ;g4pdpd@Ch߄@ppp@ <4!d!d0iׄgʚ;<4dddd0iׄgʚ; <4dddd0iׄʚ;^(___PPT10  .___PPT9@@H00Ph___PPT2001D<4Xl___PPTMac11Z@f   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  X   |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography T   |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography  0   |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography  X   |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography  ? %;<   :   B C!DHallmarks of Science: #1"$$  Modern science seeks explanations for observed phenomena that rely solely on natural causes. (A scientific model cannot include divine intervention or other supernatural explanations) *bZ. #Hallmarks of Science: #2"$$  Start with the simplest possible model: make predictions, tests and refinements. (Simplicity =  Occam s razor ) *b0O Hallmarks of Science: #3"$$  A scientific model must make testable predictions about natural phenomena that would force us to revise or abandon the model if the predictions do not agree with observations.  No other explanation does NOT prove anything!4Z/ 2What is a scientific theory?((0  Theory has a different meaning in science than in everyday life. In science, a Theory is NOT just a good idea! A Scientific Theory: Explains a wide variety of observations with a few simple principles, AND Must be supported by a large, compelling body of evidence. Must NOT have failed any crucial test of its validity. jZ ZZs  lI Which of the following is true of Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?UU6*A small but vocal minority of scientists believe that the theory of evolution is true Scientific opinion is about evenly split as to whether evolution really explains the diversity of life on Earth. Scientific opinion runs about 90% in favor of the theory of evolution and about 10% opposed. While widely accepted by most scientists, there would still be  reasonable doubt about whether evolution is true -- Judicial proof is much harder to achieve than scientific proof. None of the above: evolution is the only plausible explanation for the diversity of life on earth. 8C" Zc6VH(c/Science is about probabilities, not certaintiesThe hypothesis: Smoking causes lung cancer Reality: Smoking dramatically increases one s chances of developing lung cancer&{+OAnecdotes vs. StudiesAnecdotal evidence:  My grandmother smoked a pack a day for 60 years, she lived to be 75. Scientific study: Monitor the health of 1000 smokers and non-smokers for 20 years. Compare rates of lung cancer, longevity, etc. &[Power of suggestionkHave you heard claims that vaccines can sometimes cause autism in children? Which of the following is true:ll &Studies show that there is a slight risk of developing autism due to vaccines but the benefit outweighs the risk Studies have shown that there is no cause-and-effect relationship between vaccines and autism Studies into the proposed links between autism and vaccines have not yet been conducted>'" qVX   Conclusion Science vs. non-science Science seeks explanations that rely solely on natural causes progresses through development and testing of models of nature models must make testable predictions A scientific theory A model that explains a wide variety of observations in terms of a few general principles Has survived repeated and varied testing Subject to modification as new data and observations are acquired~ZZZZ  0& ZA/"$%&'(* + , - ./0123456=EFGH I!r "[ {GIl;( / 0RdO)pGPicturesfUPowerPoint Document(߃SummaryInformation(1      !"#$%&'()*+,-./01234567;@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTU?DocumentSummaryInformation8$Current UserD $_㻃 @$Monika KressMonika Kress Slide Titles=} Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  X   |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography T   |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography  0   |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography  X   |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography     |namdt Times New Roman&Monotype Typography  ? %;<   :   B C!DHallmarks of Science: #1"$$  Modern science seeks explanations for observed phenomena that rely solely on natural causes. (A scientific model cannot include divine intervention or other supernatural explanations) *bZ. #Hallmarks of Science: #2"$$  Start with the simplest possible model: make predictions, tests and refinements. (Simplicity =  Occam s razor ) *b0O Hallmarks of Science: #3"$$  A scientific model must make testable predictions about natural phenomena that would force us to revise or abandon the model if the predictions do not agree with observations.  No other explanation does NOT prove anything!4Z/ 2What is a scientific theory?((0  Theory has a different meaning in science than in everyday life. In science, a Theory is NOT just a good idea! A Scientific Theory: Explains a wide variety of observations with a few simple principles, AND Must be supported by a large, compelling body of evidence. Must NOT have failed any crucial test of its validity. jZ ZZs  lI Which of the following is true of Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?UU6*A small but vocal minority of scientists believe that the theory of evolution is true Scientific opinion is about evenly split as to whether evolution really explains the diversity of life on Earth. Scientific opinion runs about 90% in favor of the theory of evolution and about 10% opposed. While widely accepted by most scientists, there would still be  reasonable doubt about whether evolution is true -- Judicial proof is much harder to achieve than scientific proof. None of the above: evolution is the only plausible explanation for the diversity of life on earth. 8C" Zc6VH(c/Science is about probabilities, not certaintiesThe hypothesis: Smoking causes lung cancer Reality: Smoking dramatically increases one s chances of developing lung cancer&{+OAnecdotes vs. StudiesAnecdotal evidence:  My grandmother smoked a pack a day for 60 years, she lived to be 75. Scientific study: Monitor the health of 1000 smokers and non-smokers for 20 years. Compare rates of lung cancer, longevity, etc. &[Power of suggestionkHave you heard claims that vaccines can sometimes cause autism in children? Which of the following is true:ll &Studies show that there is a slight risk of developing autism due to vaccines but the benefit outweighs the risk Studies have shown that there is no cause-and-effect relationship between vaccines and autism Studies into the proposed links between autism and vaccines have not yet been conducted>'" qVX   Conclusion Science vs. non-science Science seeks explanations that rely solely on natural causes progresses through development and testing of models of nature models must make testable predictions A scientific theory A model that explains a wide variety of observations in terms of a few general principles Has survived repeated and varied testing Subject to modification as new data and observations are acquired~ZZZZ  0& ZA/"$%&'(* + , - ./0123456=EFGH I!rG"GIlRdO)"qGPicturesfUPowerPoint Document(߃SummaryInformation(1      !"#$%&'()*+,-./01234567@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUXDocumentSummaryInformation8$Current UserD $_㻃 Monika KressMonika Kress Slide TitlesZ}